Economics FAQ

The United States is the world's largest economy by nominal GDP, ahead of China. The live ranking, with sources, is on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

By purchasing power parity (PPP), which adjusts for price differences, China is the world's largest economy. See the comparison on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

See the United States country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — United States →

See the China country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — China →

See the Japan country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Japan →

See the Germany country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Germany →

See the India country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — India →

See the United Kingdom country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — United Kingdom →

See the France country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — France →

See the Brazil country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Brazil →

See the Italy country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Italy →

See the Canada country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Canada →

See the South Korea country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — South Korea →

See the Russia country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Russia →

See the Australia country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Australia →

See the Spain country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Spain →

See the Mexico country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Mexico →

See the Indonesia country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Indonesia →

See the Netherlands country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Netherlands →

See the Saudi Arabia country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Saudi Arabia →

See the Turkey country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Turkey →

See the Switzerland country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Switzerland →

See the Poland country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Poland →

Taiwan's GDP is tracked on the World Barometer alongside every other economy, with sources and observation dates. World Barometer →

See the Argentina country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Argentina →

See the Sweden country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Sweden →

See the Belgium country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Belgium →

See the Thailand country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Thailand →

See the Ireland country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Ireland →

See the Israel country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Israel →

See the Nigeria country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Nigeria →

See the Egypt country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Egypt →

See the South Africa country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — South Africa →

See the Morocco country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Morocco →

See the United Arab Emirates country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — United Arab Emirates →

See the Singapore country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Singapore →

See the Vietnam country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Vietnam →

See the Malaysia country profile in the Factbook for GDP, GDP per capita, growth and public debt, with sources and observation dates. Factbook — Malaysia →

GDP per capita divides total output by population; the United States profile carries the latest figure with its source and observation date. Factbook — United States →

GDP per capita divides total output by population; the China profile carries the latest figure with its source and observation date. Factbook — China →

GDP per capita divides total output by population; the India profile carries the latest figure with its source and observation date. Factbook — India →

GDP per capita divides total output by population; the Switzerland profile carries the latest figure with its source and observation date. Factbook — Switzerland →

GDP per capita divides total output by population; the Luxembourg profile carries the latest figure with its source and observation date. Factbook — Luxembourg →

GDP per capita divides total output by population; the Qatar profile carries the latest figure with its source and observation date. Factbook — Qatar →

GDP per capita divides total output by population; the Singapore profile carries the latest figure with its source and observation date. Factbook — Singapore →

GDP per capita divides total output by population; the Morocco profile carries the latest figure with its source and observation date. Factbook — Morocco →

India has been the fastest-growing major economy in recent years, with China and several Southeast Asian economies also growing fast. Growth rates are updated with each data release on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

China's growth rate is published quarterly by its statistics office and revised afterwards; the Factbook profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — China →

India's growth rate is published quarterly and revised afterwards; the Factbook profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — India →

US growth is published quarterly by the Bureau of Economic Analysis and revised in later estimates; the Factbook profile carries the latest figure. Factbook — United States →

Eurozone growth is published by Eurostat for the bloc as a whole and for each member state; the Factbook carries country figures and the Barometer tracks the bloc. World Barometer →

Morocco's growth rate is published by its planning commission and central bank; the Factbook profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — Morocco →

Global GDP is the sum of every country's output and rises each year in nominal terms; the World Barometer tracks the world total and each country's share. World Barometer →

The United States holds roughly a quarter of world GDP in nominal terms, the largest single share. See the live shares on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

China holds the world's second-largest share of global GDP in nominal terms and the largest in PPP terms. See the live shares on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

Public debt as a share of GDP is published by national treasuries and the IMF; the United States profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — United States →

Public debt as a share of GDP is published by national treasuries and the IMF; the Japan profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — Japan →

Public debt as a share of GDP is published by national treasuries and the IMF; the Italy profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — Italy →

Public debt as a share of GDP is published by national treasuries and the IMF; the France profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — France →

Public debt as a share of GDP is published by national treasuries and the IMF; the China profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — China →

Public debt as a share of GDP is published by national treasuries and the IMF; the United Kingdom profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — United Kingdom →

Public debt as a share of GDP is published by national treasuries and the IMF; the Germany profile carries the latest figure with its source. Factbook — Germany →

China is the world's largest exporter of goods, ahead of the United States and Germany. See the trade picture on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

The United States is the world's largest importer of goods, ahead of China and Germany. See the trade picture on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the China profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — China →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the United States profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — United States →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the Germany profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — Germany →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the Japan profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — Japan →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the South Korea profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — South Korea →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the Netherlands profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — Netherlands →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the France profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — France →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the United Kingdom profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — United Kingdom →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the India profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — India →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the Brazil profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — Brazil →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the Saudi Arabia profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — Saudi Arabia →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the United Arab Emirates profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — United Arab Emirates →

Export values are published by national customs offices and the WTO; the Morocco profile carries the latest trade figures with sources. Factbook — Morocco →

The US goods deficit with China is the largest single bilateral goods gap in the world, though its size moves with tariffs and demand. The Barometer tracks the balance. World Barometer →

The United States runs a persistent overall goods deficit, partly offset by a services surplus. The Barometer tracks the latest balance. World Barometer →

China runs the world's largest goods trade surplus, driven by manufacturing exports. The Barometer tracks the latest balance. World Barometer →

Germany runs a structural goods surplus built on vehicles, machinery and chemicals, though it has narrowed from its peak. The Barometer tracks the latest balance. World Barometer →

The largest bilateral goods relationships are the United States with Mexico, Canada and China; their order shifts year to year. See the country profiles for the latest values. Factbook — United States →

China's top exports are electronics, machinery, vehicles and other manufactured goods. See the China profile for the breakdown. Factbook — China →

The top US exports are machinery, fuels and oil products, aircraft and aerospace parts, and vehicles. See the United States profile for the breakdown. Factbook — United States →

Germany's top exports are vehicles and parts, machinery, pharmaceuticals and chemicals. See the Germany profile for the breakdown. Factbook — Germany →

Japan's top exports are vehicles and parts, machinery and electronics. See the Japan profile for the breakdown. Factbook — Japan →

Morocco's top exports are vehicles and parts, phosphates and fertilisers, agriculture and textiles. See the Morocco profile for the breakdown. Factbook — Morocco →

Bilateral trade values are published by customs offices on both sides and differ by methodology; the Factbook carries the latest figures with sources. Factbook — China →

Bilateral trade values are published by customs offices on both sides and differ by methodology; the Factbook carries the latest figures with sources. Factbook — Mexico →

Bilateral trade values are published by customs offices on both sides and differ by methodology; the Factbook carries the latest figures with sources. Factbook — Canada →

Bilateral trade values are published by customs offices on both sides and differ by methodology; the Factbook carries the latest figures with sources. Factbook — the European Union →

Bilateral trade values are published by customs offices on both sides and differ by methodology; the Factbook carries the latest figures with sources. Factbook — Africa →

The Suez Canal carries a large share of container and energy trade between Asia and Europe; the share falls sharply when shipping reroutes around Africa. See the Suez chokepoint page. Chokepoints →

The Strait of Malacca is one of the world's busiest trade arteries, carrying much of East Asia's oil and container traffic. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Strait of Malacca →

The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint and carries a large share of global LNG. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Strait of Hormuz →

The Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific for container, grain and LNG traffic; drought has at times cut its transits. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Panama Canal →

The Bab el-Mandeb, at the southern end of the Red Sea, gates the Suez route; attacks there have repeatedly forced rerouting around Africa. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Bab el-Mandeb →

Shanghai is the world's busiest container port by throughput, ahead of Singapore and Ningbo. See the ports answer for the full top list. Answers — Busiest Container Ports →

Tangier Med in Morocco is Africa's largest container port and the Mediterranean's leading transshipment hub. See the Morocco profile for its role in trade. Factbook — Morocco →

Tangier Med is built for several million TEU a year and keeps expanding; the Morocco profile carries its current capacity and trade role. Factbook — Morocco →

Brent is the global oil benchmark and its price moves throughout the trading day. Magna Bureau tracks the latest moves on the World Barometer and in market coverage. World Barometer →

WTI is the US oil benchmark and usually trades at a spread to Brent. Its latest price is tracked on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

Natural gas has no single world price: the US Henry Hub, European TTF and Asian JKM benchmarks move separately. The Barometer tracks the latest moves. World Barometer →

Asian LNG is priced mainly off the JKM benchmark, which moves with seasonal demand and cargo availability. The Barometer tracks the latest moves. World Barometer →

The United States is the world's largest oil producer, ahead of Saudi Arabia and Russia. See the country profiles for production and reserves. Factbook — United States →

The United States is the world's largest natural gas producer, ahead of Russia and China. See the country profiles for production and reserves. Factbook — United States →

The United States is the world's largest oil consumer, ahead of China and India. See the country profiles for consumption and imports. Factbook — United States →

The United States is the world's largest natural gas consumer, ahead of China and Russia. See the country profiles for consumption. Factbook — United States →

Daily oil output is reported monthly by OPEC, the IEA and national sources; the Saudi Arabia profile carries the latest production figures. Factbook — Saudi Arabia →

Daily oil output is reported monthly by OPEC, the IEA and national sources; the United States profile carries the latest production figures. Factbook — United States →

Daily oil output is reported monthly by OPEC, the IEA and national sources; the Russia profile carries the latest production figures. Factbook — Russia →

Daily oil output is reported monthly by OPEC, the IEA and national sources; the China profile carries the latest production figures. Factbook — China →

Daily oil output is reported monthly by OPEC, the IEA and national sources; the Iraq profile carries the latest production figures. Factbook — Iraq →

Daily oil output is reported monthly by OPEC, the IEA and national sources; the Canada profile carries the latest production figures. Factbook — Canada →

Daily oil output is reported monthly by OPEC, the IEA and national sources; the Iran profile carries the latest production figures. Factbook — Iran →

Daily oil output is reported monthly by OPEC, the IEA and national sources; the United Arab Emirates profile carries the latest production figures. Factbook — United Arab Emirates →

Proven oil reserves are the volumes recoverable with today's technology at current prices, and the total is revised as fields are found or re-estimated. See the oil mineral page. Minerals — Oil →

Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and Canada hold the largest proven oil reserves, though rankings depend on how heavy oil is counted. See the oil mineral page. Minerals — Oil →

Russia holds the world's largest proven natural gas reserves, ahead of Iran and Qatar. See the natural gas mineral page. Minerals — Natural Gas →

The Strait of Hormuz carries roughly a fifth of the world's daily oil consumption, making it the most important oil chokepoint. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Strait of Hormuz →

About a fifth of global oil consumption transits the Strait of Hormuz, plus a large share of global LNG. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Strait of Hormuz →

The Bab el-Mandeb carries a significant share of global oil and products trade toward Suez; volumes fall when shipping reroutes around Africa. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Bab el-Mandeb →

The Strait of Malacca carries a large share of the oil flowing to China, Japan and South Korea. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Strait of Malacca →

Qatar, the United States and Australia are the world's top LNG exporters, and their order shifts with new capacity. See the natural gas page. Minerals — Natural Gas →

China and Japan are the world's top LNG importers, with South Korea and India also major buyers. See the natural gas page. Minerals — Natural Gas →

Qatar is one of the world's top LNG exporters and is expanding capacity further; the natural gas page carries the latest export picture. Minerals — Natural Gas →

The United States has become one of the world's top LNG exporters on shale gas and Gulf Coast terminals; the natural gas page carries the latest picture. Minerals — Natural Gas →

Japan is one of the world's top LNG importers, buying mainly for power generation. See the Japan profile for import figures. Factbook — Japan →

OPEC members produce a large minority of world oil, and OPEC+ adds Russia and other producers to the coordinated group. The oil page carries the latest picture. Minerals — Oil →

OPEC's membership has changed over time as countries join and leave; the oil page carries the current membership and the role of OPEC+. Minerals — Oil →

Morocco has set one of the world's most ambitious renewable targets, aiming for renewables to supply most of its electricity. See the Morocco profile for the target and progress. Factbook — Morocco →

Noor Ouarzazate in Morocco is one of the world's largest concentrated solar power complexes, combining mirrors and molten-salt storage. See the Morocco profile. Factbook — Morocco →

China is the world's largest producer of rare earth elements and dominates refining even more than mining. See the rare earths page. Minerals — Rare Earths →

China controls a dominant share of global rare earth mine production and a still larger share of refining. See the rare earths page. Minerals — Rare Earths →

China controls the large majority of global rare earth refining and magnet-making capacity, the bottleneck of the chain. See the rare earths page. Minerals — Rare Earths →

China, Brazil, India and Vietnam hold large rare earth reserves, but reserves matter less than refining capacity. See the rare earths page. Minerals — Rare Earths →

Rare earths go into EV motors, wind turbines, smartphones, defence systems and catalysts; a few elements do most of the work. See the rare earths page. Minerals — Rare Earths →

Neodymium makes the powerful permanent magnets in EV motors, wind turbines, headphones and hard drives. See the rare earths page. Minerals — Rare Earths →

The Democratic Republic of Congo produces most of the world's cobalt, while China dominates refining. See the cobalt page. Minerals — Cobalt →

The DRC supplies the large majority of the world's mined cobalt. See the cobalt page for production and refining shares. Minerals — Cobalt →

China controls the large majority of global cobalt refining, even though most ore is mined in the DRC. See the cobalt page. Minerals — Cobalt →

Cobalt is used in EV and phone batteries, superalloys for jet engines, and catalysts. See the cobalt page. Minerals — Cobalt →

Australia is the world's largest lithium miner, ahead of Chile, China and Argentina. Refining is a separate story. See the lithium page. Minerals — Lithium →

Australia holds the largest share of global mined lithium. See the lithium page for production and refining shares. Minerals — Lithium →

Chile is one of the top lithium producers from its Atacama salt flats. See the lithium page for production and refining shares. Minerals — Lithium →

China controls the large majority of global lithium refining, even though it mines a smaller share. See the lithium page. Minerals — Lithium →

Lithium is used mainly in rechargeable batteries for EVs, phones and grid storage, plus glass, ceramics and pharmaceuticals. See the lithium page. Minerals — Lithium →

The Lithium Triangle is the salt-flat region spanning Argentina, Bolivia and Chile, holding huge lithium brine resources. See the lithium page. Minerals — Lithium →

Indonesia is the world's largest nickel producer, ahead of the Philippines and Russia. See the nickel page. Minerals — Nickel →

Indonesia holds the largest share of global nickel production after a rapid smelter build-out. See the nickel page. Minerals — Nickel →

Nickel is used mostly in stainless steel, and increasingly in EV batteries and superalloys. See the nickel page. Minerals — Nickel →

China is the world's dominant gallium producer, a by-product of aluminium refining. See the minerals hub for the concentration picture. Minerals hub →

China controls the overwhelming majority of global gallium production, which is why its export controls matter. See the minerals hub. Minerals hub →

Gallium is used in semiconductors, LEDs, solar cells and radar systems, as gallium arsenide and gallium nitride. See the minerals hub. Minerals hub →

China imposed export controls on gallium in 2023, requiring licences for shipments abroad. See the minerals hub for the controls timeline. Minerals hub →

China is the world's dominant germanium producer, a by-product of zinc refining and coal. See the minerals hub. Minerals hub →

China controls the large majority of global germanium production. See the minerals hub for the concentration picture. Minerals hub →

Germanium is used in fibre optics, infrared optics, solar cells and semiconductors. See the minerals hub. Minerals hub →

China imposed export controls on germanium in 2023, alongside gallium. See the minerals hub for the controls timeline. Minerals hub →

China is the world's largest graphite producer; graphite is the anode material in most lithium-ion batteries. See the graphite page. Minerals — Graphite →

China controls the large majority of global graphite production and most battery-grade processing. See the graphite page. Minerals — Graphite →

Graphite is used in battery anodes, steelmaking, lubricants and nuclear reactors. See the graphite page. Minerals — Graphite →

China imposed export controls on graphite in late 2023, covering battery-grade material. See the graphite page for the controls timeline. Minerals — Graphite →

China is the world's largest antimony producer; the metal is used in flame retardants, batteries and ammunition. See the minerals hub. Minerals hub →

China controls the large majority of global antimony production. See the minerals hub for the concentration picture. Minerals hub →

China is the world's largest tungsten producer; the metal is used in cutting tools, drilling and munitions. See the tungsten page. Minerals — Tungsten →

China controls the large majority of global tungsten production. See the tungsten page for the concentration picture. Minerals — Tungsten →

Chile is the world's largest copper producer, ahead of Peru, China and the DRC. See the copper page. Minerals — Copper →

Chile holds the largest single share of global copper production. See the copper page for production and refining shares. Minerals — Copper →

Copper is used in wiring, motors, electronics, plumbing and renewable energy systems; the energy transition is lifting demand. See the copper page. Minerals — Copper →

Iran borders the Strait of Hormuz to the north and Oman to the south; transit is governed by international law, and Iran has repeatedly threatened closure. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Strait of Hormuz →

Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia border the Strait of Malacca and jointly oversee it; it is one of the world's busiest shipping lanes. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Strait of Malacca →

Egypt owns and operates the Suez Canal through the Suez Canal Authority. See the chokepoints hub for the full set of passages. Chokepoints →

Panama owns and operates the Panama Canal through the Panama Canal Authority. See its chokepoint page. Chokepoint — Panama Canal →

The 10-year Treasury yield moves with every bond session and is the world's benchmark borrowing rate. Magna Bureau tracks the latest moves on the World Barometer. World Barometer →

The Bund yield is the eurozone's benchmark borrowing rate and moves with every bond session. The Barometer tracks the latest moves. World Barometer →

The OAT yield is France's benchmark borrowing rate and moves with every bond session. The Barometer tracks the latest moves. World Barometer →

The BTP yield is Italy's benchmark borrowing rate and moves with every bond session. The Barometer tracks the latest moves. World Barometer →

The Gilt yield is the UK's benchmark borrowing rate and moves with every bond session. The Barometer tracks the latest moves. World Barometer →

The JGB yield is Japan's benchmark borrowing rate and moves with every bond session. The Barometer tracks the latest moves. World Barometer →

The French-German spread is the gap between OAT and Bund yields and is the market's gauge of French fiscal risk. The Barometer tracks it. World Barometer →

The Italian-German spread is the gap between BTP and Bund yields and is the market's gauge of Italian risk. The Barometer tracks it. World Barometer →

The Federal Reserve sets its target range at scheduled meetings; the latest decision is covered in Magna Bureau's market reporting. World Barometer →

The European Central Bank sets its deposit rate at scheduled meetings; the latest decision is covered in Magna Bureau's market reporting. World Barometer →

The Bank of England sets Bank Rate at scheduled meetings; the latest decision is covered in Magna Bureau's market reporting. World Barometer →

The Bank of Japan sets its policy rate at scheduled meetings; the latest decision is covered in Magna Bureau's market reporting. World Barometer →

The People's Bank of China sets its loan prime rates monthly; the latest decision is covered in Magna Bureau's market reporting. World Barometer →

Bank Al-Maghrib sets Morocco's policy rate at quarterly meetings; the latest decision is covered in Magna Bureau's market reporting. World Barometer →

The Federal Reserve meets eight times a year on a published calendar; Magna Bureau covers each decision as it lands. World Barometer →

Whether the Fed cuts depends on inflation, jobs and financial conditions at each meeting; the Barometer tracks the data and the decisions. World Barometer →

US inflation is measured by the CPI and the Fed's preferred PCE gauge, published monthly. The Barometer tracks the latest readings. World Barometer →

Eurozone inflation is measured by Eurostat's HICP and published monthly. The Barometer tracks the latest readings. World Barometer →

Morocco's inflation is published by its planning commission; food and energy drive much of the movement. The Morocco profile carries the latest reading. Factbook — Morocco →

The US unemployment rate is published monthly in the jobs report. The Barometer tracks the latest reading. World Barometer →

The dirham floats within a managed band against the euro and dollar, so the USD/MAD rate moves daily. The Barometer tracks the latest rate. World Barometer →

EUR/USD is the world's most traded currency pair and moves continuously in the foreign-exchange market. The Barometer tracks the latest rate. World Barometer →

Bitcoin trades around the clock and its price moves continuously. The Barometer tracks the latest price and market moves. World Barometer →

The S&P 500 moves with every US trading session. The Barometer tracks the latest level and the day's market moves. World Barometer →

Chips are designed mainly in the US, built with Dutch and Japanese equipment, fabricated mostly in Taiwan and South Korea, then assembled in Asia. See the chokepoints and minerals hubs for the physical links. Chokepoints →

EV batteries run from lithium, nickel and cobalt mines through mostly Chinese refining into cells made in China, Korea and Japan, then into cars worldwide. See the lithium and cobalt pages. Minerals — Lithium →

The bottleneck is advanced fabrication and EUV lithography: very few plants and one equipment maker can produce leading-edge chips. See the chokepoints hub. Chokepoints →

The bottleneck is refining and magnet-making, concentrated in China, not mining itself. See the rare earths page. Minerals — Rare Earths →

Friendshoring is moving supply chains to allied countries to reduce geopolitical risk, rather than to the cheapest location. See the chokepoints hub for the routes it protects. Chokepoints →

Nearshoring is moving production to nearby countries, for example Mexico for the US market, to cut shipping time and risk. See the Mexico profile. Factbook — Mexico →

Reshoring is bringing production back to the home country, often with subsidies for chips, batteries and critical industries. See the United States profile. Factbook — United States →

Decoupling is the deliberate reduction of economic dependence between rival powers, especially in technology. See the China profile. Factbook — China →

De-risking is reducing exposure to a rival's supply chains without a full break, the EU's stated approach to China. See the China profile. Factbook — China →

The US CHIPS and Science Act funds domestic semiconductor manufacturing and research to cut dependence on Asian fabrication. See the United States profile. Factbook — United States →

The EU Critical Raw Materials Act sets targets for mining, processing and recycling inside the bloc to cut dependence on single suppliers. See the minerals hub. Minerals hub →

US export controls restrict China's access to advanced chips, chip-making equipment and AI hardware, and have tightened in stages. See the China profile. Factbook — China →

Attacks in the Red Sea forced much Asia–Europe shipping around the Cape of Good Hope, adding days in transit and raising freight costs. See the Bab el-Mandeb page. Chokepoint — Bab el-Mandeb →

Cape rerouting adds roughly two weeks to Asia–Europe voyages plus fuel, charter and insurance costs. See the Cape of Good Hope page. Chokepoint — Cape of Good Hope →