Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Egypt: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna grade (MCB, ranked #83 of 195).
Egypt is a presidential republic in Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula. The country's capital is Cairo; it covers 1,001,450 sq km. Independence: 28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the military-led revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956). Terrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta. Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters. Population: 112.9 million (2025 estimate). Population growth: +1.40% per year. Median age: 24.6 years. Life …
| Capital | Cairo |
|---|---|
| Population | 112,870,457 (2025 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $1.958 trillion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $16,800 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 2.4% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 28.3% |
| Unemployment | 7.2% |
| Public debt | 103% of GDP (2017 est.) |
| Exports | $68.218 billion (2023 est.) |
| Imports | $82.265 billion (2023 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 75 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 24.6 |
| Urbanization | 43.1% of total population (2023) |
| Government | presidential republic |
| Independence | 28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the military-led revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956) |
| Languages | Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes |
MCB · 50/100 — The Magna grade is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — five dimensions, 100+ indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum +2 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
A slightly positive quarter: the IMF-backed stabilisation held and Suez-related logistics stayed functional, with no new shocks.
Egypt's momentum is set by mega-projects and macro repair — this quarter added steadiness, not speed.
Oil, Natural gas, Iron ore, Phosphates, Manganese, Gypsum, Asbestos, Lead, Rare earths, Zinc.
Abdel Fattah el-Sisi — President. President Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (since 8 June 2014)
Egypt maintains 123 embassies and 27 consulates abroad, hosts 141 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, AU Addis Ababa. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 123 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 27 |
| Foreign missions hosted | 141 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, AU Addis Ababa |
Source: Consular Affairs Center, Diplomatic and Consular Networks Database and Rankings, March 2026 (Zenodo, CC BY 4.0). https://zenodo.org/records/18917562
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Coastal — 2450 km of coastline. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 73 + 60 heliports (registration prefix SU) |
| Major seaports | Ain Sukhna Terminal, Al Iskandariyh (Alexandria), As Suways, Bur Sa'id, Damietta, Ras Shukhier |
| Railways | 5085 km |
| Pipelines | 486 km condensate, 74 km condensate/gas, 7,986 km gas, 957 km liquid petroleum gas, 5,225 km oil, 37 km oil/gas/water, 895 km refined products, 65 km water (2013) |
| Top container ports (TEU) | East) (4,764,583 TEU, 2021) |
Alexandria International Airport (HBE) — Alexandria; Aswan International Airport (ASW) — Aswan; Asyut International Airport (ATZ) — Asyut; Berenice International Airport / Banas Cape Air Base (EES) — Berenice Troglodytica; Cairo International Airport (CAI) — Cairo; El Alamein International Airport (DBB) — El Alamein; El Arish International Airport (AAC) — El Arish; Hurghada International Airport (HRG) — Hurghada; Luxor International Airport (LXR) — Luxor; Marsa Alam International Airport (RMF) — Marsa Alam.
Showing 10 of 15 major airports.
| LNG export terminals | Damietta, Idku (Abu Qir Bay), Sumed |
|---|---|
| Oil terminals | Ain Sukhna terminal, Sidi Kerir terminal |
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28); theodora.com CIA mirror (CIA World Factbook Transportation section), scraped 2026-10-02
| Political system | presidential republic |
|---|---|
| Next election | No election currently scheduled. |
MCB · 50 Ranked #83 of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Egypt.
