Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Luxembourg: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna grade (MBA, ranked #24 of 195).
Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy in Western Europe, between France and Germany. The country's capital is Luxembourg; it covers 2,586 sq km. Independence: 1839 (from the Netherlands). Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast. Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers. Population: 671,000 (2024 estimate). Population growth: +1.26% per year. Median age: 40.1 years. Life expectancy: 83.4 years (2024 est.). Languages: Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administra…
| Capital | Luxembourg |
|---|---|
| Population | 671,254 (2024 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $86.871 billion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $128,200 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 1% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 2.1% |
| Unemployment | 6.0% |
| Public debt | 23% of GDP (2017 est.) |
| Exports | $202.203 billion (2024 est.) |
| Imports | $160.032 billion (2024 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 83.4 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 40.1 |
| Urbanization | 92.1% of total population (2023) |
| Government | constitutional monarchy |
| Independence | 1839 (from the Netherlands) |
| Languages | Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.) |
MBA · 66/100 — The Magna grade is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — five dimensions, 100+ indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum 0 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
Jul–Sep 2026 came and went without leaving a mark on the country's trajectory. Continuity, not change, is the story.
For a small or mid-sized state, that is often the good outcome: no shock to absorb, no crisis to manage.
Iron ore.
Luc Frieden — Prime Minister. Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
Luxembourg maintains 35 embassies and 4 consulates abroad, hosts 23 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, UN Geneva, EU Brussels, NATO Brussels, OECD Paris, UNESCO Paris, OSCE Vienna, CoE Strasbourg. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 35 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 4 |
| Foreign missions hosted | 23 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, UN Geneva, EU Brussels, NATO Brussels, OECD Paris, UNESCO Paris, OSCE Vienna, CoE Strasbourg |
Source: Abroad: Lowy GDI 2024 via Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_diplomatic_missions . Hosted: Wikipedia 'List of diplomatic missions in Luxembourg' (23 embassies) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Luxembourg . Multilateral rosters as for AUT.
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Landlocked — no seacoast; exports move through transit corridors across neighbouring countries. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 3 + 11 heliports (registration prefix LX) |
| Railways | 271 km |
Luxembourg-Findel International Airport (LUX) — Luxembourg.
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28)
| Political system | constitutional monarchy |
|---|---|
| Last election | 2023 — general; 2023-10-08; winner: Luc Frieden (Christian Social People's Party (CSV)); Ended the Bettel DP-LSAP-Greens coalition after Greens lost half their seats Reuters |
| Next election | 2028 — general (scheduled) |
Source: constitutional schedule / public election calendar
MBA · 66 Ranked #24 of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Luxembourg.
