Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Canada: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna grade (MBA, ranked #13 of 195).
Canada — in Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US. Political status: federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution. The country's capital is Ottawa; it covers 9,984,670 sq km. Independence: 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster). Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west, lowlands in southeast. Climate: varies from temperate in south to subar…
| Capital | Ottawa |
|---|---|
| Population | 39,187,155 (2025 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $2.341 trillion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $56,700 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 1.5% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 2.4% |
| Unemployment | 6.5% |
| Public debt | 61.3% of GDP (2023 est.) |
| Exports | $727.831 billion (2024 est.) |
| Imports | $733.778 billion (2024 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 84.2 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 42.8 |
| Urbanization | 81.9% of total population (2023) |
| Government | federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution |
| Independence | 1 July 1867 (union of British North American colonies); 11 December 1931 (recognized by UK per Statute of Westminster) |
| Languages | English (official) 87.1%, French (official) 29.1%, Chinese languages 4.2%, Spanish 3.2%, Punjabi 2.6%, Arabic 2.4%, Tagalog 2.3%, Italian 1.5% (2022 est.) |
MBA · 70/100 — The Magna grade is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — five dimensions, 100+ indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum -4 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
September was painful: the US banned roughly $1B of Canadian imports after imposing 50% tariffs on some $20B of goods over the summer, with dollar-for-dollar retaliation.
Carney's technocratic credibility held the line, but the quarter's momentum is clearly negative — the trade war is the story.
Bauxite, Iron ore, Nickel, Zinc, Copper, Gold, Lead, Uranium, Rare earths, Molybdenum, Potash, Diamonds, Silver, Timber, Coal, Oil, Natural gas, Hydropower.
Mark Carney — Prime Minister. King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021)
Canada maintains 98 embassies and 38 consulates abroad, hosts 127 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, OAS Washington. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 98 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 38 |
| Foreign missions hosted | 127 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, OAS Washington |
Source: Lowy Institute Global Diplomacy Index 2024 via Wikipedia 'List of countries by number of diplomatic missions' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_diplomatic_missions ; hosted: Consular Affairs Center Jan 2026 report (in-country ranking) https://zenodo.org/records/18109976
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Coastal — 202080 km of coastline. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 1459 + 506 heliports (registration prefix C) |
| Major seaports | Argentia, Canaport (St. John), Halifax, Hamilton, Montreal, New Westminster, Pond Inlet, Prince Rupert, Quebec, Sept Iles, St. John, Sydney, Thunder Bay, Toronto, Trois Rivieres, Vancouver, Victoria Harbor, Windsor |
| Railways | 49422 km |
| Pipelines | 840,000 km oil and gas (2020) |
| Top container ports (TEU) | Vancouver (3,678,952 TEU, 2021); Montreal (1,585,465 TEU, 2021) |
Calgary International Airport (YYC) — Calgary; Edmonton International Airport (YEG) — Edmonton; Halifax / Stanfield International Airport (YHZ) — Halifax; John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport (YHM) — Hamilton; Kelowna International Airport (YLW) — Kelowna; Montreal / Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (YUL) — Montréal; Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport (YOW) — Ottawa; Quebec Jean Lesage International Airport (YQB) — Quebec; Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport (YXE) — Saskatoon; St. John's International Airport (YYT) — St. John's.
Showing 10 of 15 major airports.
| LNG import terminals | Saint John |
|---|---|
| Oil terminals | Lower Lakes terminal |
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28); theodora.com CIA mirror (CIA World Factbook Transportation section), scraped 2026-10-02
| Political system | federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy |
|---|---|
| Last election | 2025 — federal; 2025-04-28; winner: Mark Carney (Liberal); 169/343 minority Wikipedia |
| Next election | 2029 — general (scheduled) |
Source: constitutional schedule / public election calendar
MBA · 70 Ranked #13 of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Canada.
