Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Romania: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna grade (MBB, ranked #44 of 195).
Romania — in Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine. Political status: semi-presidential republic. The country's capital is Bucharest; it covers 238,391 sq km. Independence: 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed). Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps. Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers wi…
| Capital | Bucharest |
|---|---|
| Population | 18,148,155 (2024 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $774.376 billion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $40,600 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 0.8% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 5.7% |
| Unemployment | 5.4% |
| Public debt | 50.9% of GDP (2022 est.) |
| Exports | $136.253 billion (2024 est.) |
| Imports | $159.575 billion (2024 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 76.9 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 45.8 |
| Urbanization | 54.7% of total population (2023) |
| Government | semi-presidential republic |
| Independence | 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed) |
| Languages | Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.) |
MBB · 58/100 — The Magna grade is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — five dimensions, 100+ indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum 0 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
Steadiness was the quarter's defining trait: no rupture, no windfall, no surprise strong enough to move the score.
The trajectory remains set by fundamentals that change over years, not quarters — and this quarter changed little.
Oil, Timber, Natural gas, Coal, Iron ore, Salt, Hydropower.
Ilie Bolojan — Prime Minister. President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)
Romania maintains 92 embassies and 49 consulates abroad, hosts 83 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, UN Geneva, EU Brussels, NATO Brussels, UNESCO Paris, OSCE Vienna, CoE Strasbourg. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 92 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 49 |
| Foreign missions hosted | 83 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, UN Geneva, EU Brussels, NATO Brussels, UNESCO Paris, OSCE Vienna, CoE Strasbourg |
Source: Abroad: Consular Affairs Center, of-country ranking, Mar 2026 (92/49), Zenodo https://zenodo.org/records/18917562/ . Hosted: Consular Affairs Center, in-country ranking, Jan 2026 (Bucharest 83). Multilateral rosters as for AUT.
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Coastal — 225 km of coastline. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 103 + 24 heliports (registration prefix YR) |
| Major seaports | Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea |
| Railways | 10628 km |
| Pipelines | 3,726 km gas, 2,451 km oil (2013) |
Avram Iancu Cluj International Airport (CLJ) — Cluj-Napoca; Bacău George Enescu International Airport (BCM) — Bacău; Brașov-Ghimbav International Airport (GHV) — Brașov (Ghimbav); Bucharest Băneasa Aurel Vlaicu International Airport (BBU) — Bucharest; Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport (OTP) — Otopeni; Craiova International Airport (CRA) — Craiova; Iaşi International Airport (IAS) — Iaşi; Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport (CND) — Constanța; Oradea International Airport (OMR) — Oradea; Sibiu International Airport (SBZ) — Sibiu.
Showing 10 of 15 major airports.
| River ports | Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River) |
|---|
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28); theodora.com CIA mirror (CIA World Factbook Transportation section), scraped 2026-10-02
| Political system | semi-presidential republic |
|---|---|
| Last election | 2025 — presidential; 2025-05-18 (runoff; first round 2025-05-04); winner: Nicușor Dan (Independent); 2024 presidential election annulled over alleged Russian interference; May 2025 was a re-run Wikipedia / The Munich Eye |
| Next election | 2030 — presidential (scheduled) |
Source: constitutional schedule / public election calendar
MBB · 58 Ranked #44 of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Romania.
Historical timeline of Romania
