Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Peru: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna grade (MBB, ranked #36 of 195).
Peru is a presidential republic in Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador. The country's capital is Lima; it covers 1,285,216 sq km. Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain). Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva). Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes. Population: 32.8 million (2025 estimate). Population growth: +0.55% per year. Median age: 30.4 years. Life expectancy: 68.9 years (2024 est.). Languages: Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native …
| Capital | Lima |
|---|---|
| Population | 32,768,614 (2025 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $535.911 billion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $15,700 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 3.3% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 2.0% |
| Unemployment | 4.9% |
| Public debt | 35.2% of GDP (2021 est.) |
| Exports | $83.325 billion (2024 est.) |
| Imports | $67.16 billion (2024 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 68.9 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 30.4 |
| Urbanization | 78.9% of total population (2023) |
| Government | presidential republic |
| Independence | 28 July 1821 (from Spain) |
| Languages | Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.) |
MBB · 63/100 — The Magna grade is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — five dimensions, 100+ indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum +3 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
A modestly positive quarter: mining and trade currents stayed favourable and no political rupture interrupted the course.
Peru's momentum is commodity-driven at the margin — this quarter the currents ran the right way.
Copper, Silver, Gold, Oil, Timber, Iron ore, Coal, Phosphates, Potash, Hydropower, Natural gas.
Keiko Fujimori — President. President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025)
Peru maintains 62 embassies and 54 consulates abroad, hosts 57 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, OAS Washington. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 62 |
|---|---|
| Consulates abroad | 54 |
| Foreign missions hosted | 57 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, OAS Washington |
Source: Consular Affairs Center, diplomatic & consular networks database, Mar 2026 report (of-country ranking) https://zenodo.org/records/18917562 ; Jan 2026 report (in-country ranking) https://zenodo.org/records/18109976
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Coastal — 2414 km of coastline. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 174 + 7 heliports (registration prefix OB) |
| Major seaports | Bahia de Matarani, Iquitos, Puerto del Callao, Talara |
| Railways | 1854.4 km |
| Pipelines | 786 km extra heavy crude, 1,526 km gas, 679 km liquid petroleum gas, 1,106 km oil, 15 km refined products (2022) |
| Top container ports (TEU) | Balboa (3,563,432 TEU, 2021); ; Callao (2,486,425 TEU, 2021) |
Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport (CUZ) — Cusco; Cap FAP David Abenzur Rengifo International Airport (PCL) — Pucallpa; Capitán FAP Carlos Martínez de Pinillos International Airport (TRU) — Trujillo; Capitán FAP José A. Quiñones González International Airport (CIX) — Chiclayo; Captain Renán Elías Olivera International Airport (PIO) — Pisco; Coronel FAP Francisco Secada Vignetta International Airport (IQT) — Iquitos; Inca Manco Capac International Airport (JUL) — Juliaca; Jorge Chávez International Airport (LIM) — Lima; Rodríguez Ballón International Airport (AQP) — Arequipa; Air Force Colonel Alfredo Mendivil Duarte Airport (AYP) — Ayacucho.
Showing 10 of 15 major airports.
| Oil terminals | Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal |
|---|---|
| River ports | Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas (Amazon) |
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28); theodora.com CIA mirror (CIA World Factbook Transportation section), scraped 2026-10-02
| Political system | presidential republic |
|---|---|
| Last election | 2021 — general (presidential + congressional); 2021-06-06 (runoff; first round 2021-04-11); winner: Pedro Castillo (Free Peru); Castillo's presidency ended by congressional removal; general election scheduled April 2026 Reuters / EU EOM |
| Next election | 2026 — general (scheduled) |
Source: constitutional schedule / public election calendar
MBB · 63 Ranked #36 of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Peru.
