Population, GDP, natural resources, leaders and history of Mongolia: the Magna Factbook country file, with its Magna grade (MCB, ranked #119 of 195).
Mongolia — in Northern Asia, between China and Russia. Political status: semi-presidential republic. The country's capital is Ulaanbaatar; it covers 1,564,116 sq km. Independence: 29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China). Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central. Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges). Population: 3.3 million (2024 estimate). Population growth: +1.08% per year. Median age: 28.8 years. Life expectancy: 71.9 years (2024 est.). Languages: Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant…
| Capital | Ulaanbaatar |
|---|---|
| Population | 3,281,676 (2024 est.) |
| GDP (PPP) | $59.221 billion (2024 est.) |
| GDP per capita (PPP) | $16,800 (2024 est.) |
| Real GDP growth | 4.9% (2024 est.) |
| Inflation | 6.8% |
| Unemployment | 5.5% |
| Public debt | 67.6% of GDP (2021 est.) |
| Exports | $15.501 billion (2023 est.) |
| Imports | $13.545 billion (2023 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 71.9 years (2024 est.) |
| Median age | 28.8 |
| Urbanization | 69.1% of total population (2023) |
| Government | semi-presidential republic |
| Independence | 29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China) |
| Languages | Mongolian 90% (official, Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999) |
MCB · 45/100 — The Magna grade is our 0–100 composite of structural national power — five dimensions, 100+ indicators. It is the Bureau's own assessment, not a mirror of World Bank or CIA figures.
Momentum 0 — Quarterly momentum: the Bureau's read on the country's trajectory over the last quarter, from −10 (deteriorating fast) to +10 (accelerating).
Little moved in Jul–Sep 2026: no crisis, no windfall. The quarter simply confirmed the country's standing course.
Deeper forces — trade patterns, regional stability, institutional strength — will decide the trajectory; three months rarely do.
Oil, Coal, Copper, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Phosphates, Tin, Nickel, Zinc, Gold, Silver, Iron ore.
Nyam-Osoryn Uchral — Prime Minister. President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)
Mongolia maintains 50 embassies abroad, hosts 26 foreign diplomatic missions, holds permanent missions to UN New York, UN Geneva. The breadth of a diplomatic network is a direct measure of diplomatic power — it shows how far a country’s influence, alliances and interests reach.
| Embassies abroad | 50 |
|---|---|
| Foreign missions hosted | 26 |
| Multilateral missions | UN New York, UN Geneva |
Source: Lowy Institute Global Diplomacy Index 2024 (released 2024-02-25), https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/; Wikipedia 'List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Mongolia; '... in Mongolia', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Mongolia
Transport networks are economic power made physical — ports, runways, railways and pipelines decide what a country can move, sell and defend.
| Sea access | Landlocked — no seacoast; exports move through transit corridors across neighbouring countries. |
|---|---|
| Airports (total) | 37 (registration prefix JU) |
| Railways | 1815 km |
Buyant-Ukhaa International Airport (ULN) — Ulaanbaatar; Ulaanbaatar Chinggis Khaan International Airport (UBN) — Ulaanbaatar (Sergelen); Altai Airport (LTI) — Altai; Arvaikheer Airport (AVK) — Arvaikheer; Bayankhongor Airport (BYN) — Bayankhongor; Bulgan Airport (UGA) — Bulgan; Choibalsan Airport (COQ) — ; Dalanzadgad Airport (DLZ) — Dalanzadgad; Khovd Airport (HVD) — Khovd; Mörön Airport (MXV) — Mörön.
Showing 10 of 12 major airports.
Sources: OurAirports public-domain extract (2026-10-02); per-entry Wikipedia links included; CIA World Factbook via cia_factbook snapshot (2026-09-28)
| Political system | semi-presidential republic |
|---|---|
| Next election | No election currently scheduled. |
MCB · 45 Ranked #119 of 195 countries in the Magna Country Rankings. Full ranking breakdown for Mongolia.
