Factbook
Histoire de Afghanistan — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Afghanistan, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1747Ahmad Shah DURRANI unified the Pashtun tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747.
1919Independence: 19 August 1919 (from UK control over Afghan foreign affairs).
1919The country served as a buffer between the British and Russian Empires until it won independence from notional British control in 1919.
1973A brief experiment in increased democracy ended in a 1973 coup and a 1978 communist countercoup.
1979The Soviet Union invaded in 1979 to support the tottering Afghan communist regime, touching off a long and destructive war.
1989Internationally supported anti-communist mujahidin rebels forced the USSR to withdraw in 1989.
1996A series of subsequent civil wars saw Kabul finally fall in 1996 to the Taliban, a hardline Pakistani-sponsored movement.
2001A UN-sponsored Bonn Conference in 2001 established a process for political reconstruction that included the adoption of a new constitution, a presidential election in 2004, and National Assembly elections in 2005.
2001Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, a US and Allied military action toppled the Taliban for sheltering Usama BIN LADIN.
2004In 2004, Hamid KARZAI became the first democratically elected president of Afghanistan, and he was reelected in 2009.
2014Ashraf Ghani AHMADZAI succeeded him as president in 2014 following a disputed election.
2020In February 2020, the US and the Taliban signed an agreement that led to the withdrawal of international forces in exchange for commitments on counterterrorism and other assurances.
2020Languages: Afghan Persian or Dari (official, lingua franca) 77%, Pashto (official) 48%, Uzbeki 11%, English 6%, Turkmani 3%, Urdu 3%, Pashaie 1%, Nuristani 1%, Arabic 1%, Balochi 1%, other <1% (2020 est.) Religions: Muslim 99.7% (Sunni 84.7 - 89.7%, Shia 10 - 15%), other <0.3% (2009 est.) Urban population: 26.9% of total population (2023).
2021The Taliban took over Afghanistan on 15 August 2021.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 13.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 9.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 77% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 3.38 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: small-scale production of bricks, textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal, copper Agriculture: wheat, milk, grapes, watermelons, potatoes, cantaloupes/melons, vegetables, rice, onions, maize (2023) Electricity access: 85.3% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 4.589 million KABUL (capital) (2023) low-income South Asian economy; economy stable after major contraction due to Taliban takeover, but recovery remains fragile; widespread poverty and obstacles to human development; import-reliant for food, fuel, and machinery; ongoing sanctions, suspended development aid, and frozen reserve assets Inflation: -6.6% (2024 est.).
2025Population: 49.5 million (2025 estimate).
