Factbook
Histoire de Turkménistan — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Turkménistan, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1924In 1924, Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic; it achieved independence when the USSR dissolved in 1991.
1991Independence: 27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union).
2006President for Life Saparmurat NIYAZOV died in 2006, and Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOV, a deputy chairman under NIYAZOW, emerged as the country's new president.
2007BERDIMUHAMEDOV won Turkmenistan's first multi-candidate presidential election in 2007, and again in 2012 and 2017 with over 97% of the vote in elections widely regarded as undemocratic.
2014Turkmenistan's reliance on gas exports has made the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in the global energy market, and economic hardships since the drop in energy prices in 2014 have led many citizens of Turkmenistan to emigrate, mostly to Turkey.
2019Military spending: 1.9% of GDP (2019 est.).
2020Languages: Turkmen (official) 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Religions: Muslim 93%, Christian 6.4%, Buddhist <1%, folk religion <1%, Jewish <1%, other <1%, unspecified <1% (2020 est.) Urban population: 54% of total population (2023).
2022In 2022, BERDIMUHAMEDOV announced that he would step down from the presidency and called for an election to replace him.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 261.142 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing Agriculture: milk, wheat, potatoes, cotton, watermelons, tomatoes, grapes, barley, beef, lamb/mutton (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 902,000 ASHGABAT (capital) (2023) upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; houses fourth-largest natural gas reserves and rich in natural resources; authoritarian and dominated by state-owned enterprises; challenges include overvalued currency, high inflation risks, lack of economic diversification due to heavy state control and bureaucracy Inflation: 11.5% (2022 est.).
