Factbook
Histoire de Pérou — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Pérou, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1533Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533.
1821Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824.
1980After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980 but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency.
1990President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity.
2000Nevertheless, an economic slump and the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000.
2001A caretaker government oversaw a new election in 2001 that installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity.
2006The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, presided over a robust economic rebound.
2011Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in 2011 and carried on the market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations.
2016Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow runoff in the 2016 presidential election.
2017Languages: Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes many minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.) Religions: Catholic 76%, Evangelical Christian 15.7%, no religion 5.1%, other religions 3.2% (2017 est.) Urban population: 78.9% of total population (2023).
2018Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation in 2018, and First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president.
2019In 2019, VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms.
2020His ascension to office was not well received, and large protests forced his resignation later in 2020.
2020New congressional elections in 2020 resulted in an opposition-led legislature.
2021Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones won presidential election in 2021 but was impeached and ousted the following year; his vice president, Dina BOLUARTE, assumed the presidency by constitutional succession in 2022.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 44.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 1.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 49.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 30.923 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, elect Agriculture: sugarcane, potatoes, rice, bananas, milk, maize, chicken, oil palm fruit, cassava, grapes (2023) Electricity access: 96.2% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023) upper-middle-income South American economy; strong post-COVID rebound tempered by political uncertainty and climate risks; exports driven by mineral extraction and agriculture; large informal sector and uneven access to public services; stable fiscal position and financial sector Inflation: 2% (2024 est.).
2024Military spending: 0.8% of GDP (2024 est.).
2025Population: 32.8 million (2025 estimate).
