Factbook
Histoire de Panama — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Panama, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1821Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela that was named the Republic of Gran Colombia.
1830When the union dissolved in 1830, Panama remained part of Colombia.
1903Independence: 3 November 1903 (from Colombia); 28 November 1821 (from Spain).
1903With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land known as the Panama Canal Zone on either side of the structure.
1904The US Army Corps of Engineers built the Panama Canal between 1904 and 1914.
1977In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of the century.
1989With US help, Panamanian dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989.
1999The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were transferred to Panama by the end of 1999.
2007An ambitious expansion project to more than double the Canal's capacity by allowing for more Canal transits and larger ships was carried out between 2007 and 2016.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 38.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 6.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 6.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 47.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 78.01 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling Agriculture: sugarcane, rice, bananas, oranges, oil palm fruit, chicken, plantains, maize, milk, pineapples (2023) Electricity access: 95% (2022 est.).
2023Languages: Spanish (official), Indigenous languages (including Ngabere (Guaymi), Buglere, Kuna, Embera, Wounaan, Naso (Teribe), and Bri Bri), Panamanian English Creole (a mixture of English and Spanish with elements of Ngabere, also known as Guari Guari and Colon Creole), English, Chinese ( Religions: Evangelical 55%, Roman Catholic 33.4%, none 10.1%, unspecified 1.5% (2023 est.) Urban population: 69.5% of total population (2023).
2023Major urban areas: 1.977 million PANAMA CITY (capital) (2023) upper middle-income Central American economy; increasing Chinese trade; US dollar user; canal expansion fueling broader infrastructure investment; services sector dominates economy; historic money-laundering and illegal drug hub Inflation: 0.7% (2024 est.).
2024Military spending: 1.1% of GDP (2024 est.).
