Factbook
Histoire de Nicaragua — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Nicaragua, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1821Independence from Spain was declared in 1821, and the country became an independent republic in 1838.
1821Independence: 15 September 1821 (from Spain).
1978By 1978, violent opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought a civil-military coalition to power in 1979, spearheaded by Marxist Sandinista guerrillas led by Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra.
1990After losing free and fair elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, ORTEGA was elected president in 2006, 2011, 2016, and most recently in 2021.
2008Municipal, regional, and national-level elections since 2008 have been marred by widespread irregularities.
2018Democratic institutions have lost their independence under the ORTEGA regime as the president has assumed full control over all branches of government, as well as cracking down on a nationwide pro-democracy protest movement in 2018 and shuttering over 3,300 civil society organizations between 2018 and 2024.
2020Languages: Spanish (official) 99.5%, Indigenous 0.3%, Portuguese 0.1%, other 0.1% (2020 est.) Religions: Roman Catholic 44.9%, Protestant 38.7% (Evangelical 38.2, Adventist 0.5%), other 1.2%, (includes Jehovah's Witness and Church of Jesus Christ), believer but not belonging to a church 1%, agnostic or atheist 0.4%, none 13.7%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.) Urban population: 59.8% of total population (2023).
2021In the lead-up to the 2021 presidential election, authorities arrested over 40 individuals linked to the opposition, including presidential candidates, private sector leaders, NGO workers, human rights defenders, and journalists.
2022He then awarded the Sandinistas control of all 153 of Nicaraguan municipalities in the 2022 municipal elections, consolidating one-party rule.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 35.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 0.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 12.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 14.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); geothermal: 15.7% of total i Energy use: 10.66 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, knit and woven apparel, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear, wood, electric wire harness manufacturing, mining Agriculture: sugarcane, milk, rice, oil palm fruit, maize, plantains, cassava, groundnuts, beans, chicken (2023) Electricity access: 86.5% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 1.095 million MANAGUA (capital) (2023) low-income Central American economy; until 2018, nearly 20 years of sustained GDP growth; recent struggles due to COVID-19, political instability, and hurricanes; significant remittances; increasing poverty and food scarcity since 2005; sanctions limit investment Inflation: 4.6% (2024 est.).
2024Military spending: 0.5% of GDP (2024 est.).
