Factbook
Histoire de Mexique — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Mexique, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1810Independence: 16 September 1810 (declared independence from Spain); 27 September 1821 (recognized by Spain).
2000Elections held in 2000 marked the first time since Mexican Revolution in 1910 that an opposition candidate -- Vicente FOX of the National Action Party (PAN) -- defeated the party in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
2000Left-leaning anti-establishment politician and former mayor of Mexico City (2000-05) Andrés Manuel LÓPEZ OBRADOR, from the National Regeneration Movement (MORENA), became president in 2018.
2006He was succeeded in 2006 by another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON, but Enrique PEÑA NIETO regained the presidency for the PRI in 2012.
2007Since 2007, Mexico's powerful transnational criminal organizations have engaged in a struggle to control criminal markets, resulting in tens of thousands of drug-related homicides and forced disappearances.
2019Mexico amended its constitution in 2019 to facilitate the implementation of the labor components of USMCA.
2020Languages: Spanish only 93.8%, Spanish and indigenous languages (including Mayan, Nahuatl, and others) 5.4%, indigenous only 0.6%, unspecified 0.2% (2020 est.) Religions: Catholic 77.7%, no religion 10.6%, other Evangelical Churches 7.5%, Jehovah Witness 1.2%; less than 1 percent: Pentecostal, Seventh Day Adventist, Historics, not specified, Latter Day Saints, other religions (2020 est.) Urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023).
2020The US-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA, or T-MEC by its Spanish acronym) entered into force in 2020 and replaced its predecessor, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 79.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); nuclear: 3.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 4.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 5.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 5.2% of total install Energy use: 57.539 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: food and beverages, tobacco, chemicals, iron and steel, petroleum, mining, textiles, clothing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, tourism Agriculture: sugarcane, maize, milk, oranges, sorghum, tomatoes, chicken, chillies/peppers, wheat, lemons/limes (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 22.281 million MEXICO CITY (capital), 5.420 million Guadalajara, 5.117 million Monterrey, 3.345 million Puebla, 2.626 million Toluca de Lerdo, 2.260 million Tijuana (2023) upper-middle-income economy; highly integrated with US via trade and nearshore manufacturing; weak domestic demand, fiscal consolidation, and trade uncertainty contributing to sluggish growth; low unemployment; challenges from income inequality, corruption, and cartel-based violence Inflation: 4.7% (2024 est.).
2024Military spending: 0.9% of GDP (2024 est.).
2024Population: 130.7 million (2024 estimate).
