Factbook
Histoire de Luxembourg — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Luxembourg, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1815Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna.
1839Independence: 1839 (from the Netherlands).
1839When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
1867Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral.
1948Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year.
1957In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.
2018Major urban areas: 120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018) high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility Inflation: 2.1% (2024 est.).
2021Languages: Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 Religions: Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.) Urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023).
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: -35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negati Energy use: 224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology Agriculture: milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2025Military spending: 2% of GDP (2025 est.).
