Factbook
Histoire de Kazakhstan — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Kazakhstan, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1925The Russian Empire conquered the Kazakh steppe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Kazakhstan became a Soviet Republic in 1925.
1991During the 1950s and 1960s, the agricultural "Virgin Lands" program generated an influx of settlers -- mostly ethnic Russians, but also other nationalities -- and by the time of Kazakhstan’s independence in 1991, ethnic Kazakhs were a minority.
1991Independence: 16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union).
2021Languages: Kazakh (official, Qazaq) 80.1%, Russian 83.7%, English 35.1% (2021 est.) Religions: Muslim 69.3%, Christian 17.2% (Orthodox 17%, other 0.2%), Buddhism 0.1%, other 0.1%, non-believers 2.3%, unspecified 11% (2021 est.) Urban population: 58.2% of total population (2023).
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 87.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 1.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 8.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 172.936 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, uranium, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials Agriculture: wheat, milk, barley, potatoes, watermelons, cantaloupes/melons, sunflower seeds, maize, onions, tomatoes (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 1.987 million Almaty, 1.291 million NUR-SULTAN (capital), 1.155 million Shimkent (2023) upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; robust growth due to rising oil production, expansion in manufacturing and services, rising domestic demand, and infrastructure investments; however, rapid growth contributing to high inflation rate; declining unemployment and poverty rates Inflation: 8.8% (2024 est.).
2024Military spending: 0.9% of GDP (2024 est.).
2025Population: 20.4 million (2025 estimate).
