Factbook
Histoire de Irak — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Irak, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1920Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by the United Kingdom during World War I and was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration in 1920.
1932Independence: 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration).
1932Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932.
1958It was proclaimed a republic in 1958 after a coup overthrew the monarchy, but in actuality, a series of strongmen ruled the country until 2003.
1979The last was SADDAM Hussein, from 1979 to 2003.
1980Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly war from 1980 to 1988.
1990In 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait but was expelled by US-led UN coalition forces during the two-month-long Gulf War of 1991.
2003Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions led to the Second Gulf War in 2003, when US-led forces ousted the SADDAM regime.
2005In 2005, Iraqis approved a constitution in a national referendum and elected a 275-member Council of Representatives (COR).
2006Iraq has held four national legislative elections since 2006, most recently in 2021.
2013Iraq has repeatedly postponed elections for provincial councils -- last held in 2013 -- and since 2019, the prime minister has had the authority to appoint governors rather than provincial councils.
2014Between 2014 and 2017, Iraq fought a military campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) to recapture territory the group seized in 2014.
2015Languages: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official); Turkmen (a Turkish dialect) and Syriac (Neo-Aramaic) are recognized as official languages where native speakers of these languages are present Religions: Muslim (official) 95-98% (Shia 61-64%, Sunni 29-34%), Christian 1% (includes Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Assyrian Church of the East), other 1-4% (2015 est.) Urban population: 71.6% of total population (2023).
2017Also in 2017, Baghdad forcefully seized disputed territories across central and northern Iraq from the KRG, after a non-binding Kurdish independence referendum.
2017In 2017, then-Prime Minister Haydar al-ABADI publicly declared victory against ISIS, although military operations against the group continue in rural areas.
2022The COR approved Mohammad Shia' al-SUDANI as prime minister in 2022.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 98.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 0.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 0.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 64.311 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing Agriculture: wheat, dates, maize, tomatoes, rye, grapes, milk, chicken, potatoes, fruits (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 7.711 million BAGHDAD (capital), 1.792 million Mosul, 1.448 million Basra, 1.075 million Kirkuk, 958,000 Najaf, 897,000 Erbil (2023) highly oil-dependent Middle Eastern economy; fiscal sustainability subject to fluctuation in oil prices; rising public confidence in economic conditions; import-dependent for most sectors; persistent challenges of corruption, informal markets, banking access, and political fragility Inflation: 4.4% (2023 est.).
2024Military spending: 2.5% of GDP (2024 est.).
2025Population: 42.9 million (2025 estimate).
