Factbook
Histoire de Iran — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Iran, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
15011501 (Iran reunified under the Safavid dynasty); 1794 (beginning of Qajar dynasty); 12 December 1925 (modern Iran established under the PAHLAVI dynasty).
1935Known as Persia until 1935, Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile.
1979Independence: 1 April 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran proclaimed); notable earlier dates: ca.
1979US-Iran relations became strained when Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran in November 1979 and held embassy personnel hostage until mid-January 1981.
1980From 1980 to 1988, Iran fought a bloody, indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces.
1980The US cut off diplomatic relations with Iran in April 1980.
1984Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism since 1984.
1997After the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and a reformist Majles (legislature) in 2000, a political reform campaign in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated, but conservative politicians blocked reform measures while increasing repression.
2003Municipal and legislative elections in 2003 and 2004 saw conservatives reestablish control over Iran's elected government institutions, culminating in the 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president.
2009His reelection in 2009 sparked nationwide protests over allegations of electoral fraud, and the protests persisted until 2011.
2013In 2013, Iranians elected to the presidency centrist cleric Dr.
2016Iran received nuclear-related sanctions relief in exchange for nuclear concessions under the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action's (JCPOA) Implementation Day beginning in 2016.
2018However, the US reimposed nuclear-related sanctions on Iran after it unilaterally terminated its JCPOA participation in 2018.
2019In 2019, Tehran's sudden decision to increase the gasoline price sparked nationwide protests, which the regime violently suppressed.
2020Conservatives won the majority in Majles elections in 2020, and hardline cleric Ebrahim RAISI was elected president in 2021, resulting in a conservative monopoly across the regime's elected and unelected institutions.
2020Languages: Persian Farsi (official), Azeri and other Turkic dialects, Kurdish, Gilaki and Mazandarani, Luri, Balochi, Arabic Religions: Muslim (official) 98.5%, Christian 0.7%, Baha'i 0.3%, agnostic 0.3%, other (includes Zoroastrian, Jewish, Hindu) 0.2% (2020 est.) Urban population: 77.3% of total population (2023).
2021As president, RAISI has concentrated on deepening Iran's foreign relations with anti-US states -- particularly China and Russia -- to weather US sanctions and diplomatic pressure, while supporting negotiations to restore a nuclear deal that began in 2021.
2022RAISI contended with nationwide protests that began in September 2022 and persisted for over three months after the death of a Kurdish Iranian woman, Mahsa AMINI, in morality police custody.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 94.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); nuclear: 1.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 3.4% of total install Energy use: 160.779 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023In October 2023, the EU and the UK also decided to maintain nuclear-proliferation-related measures on Iran, as well as arms and missile embargoes, in response to Iran's non-compliance with its JCPOA commitments.
2023Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, gas, fertilizer, caustic soda, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), ferrous and nonferrous metal fabrication, armaments Agriculture: wheat, sugarcane, milk, sugar beets, rice, tomatoes, barley, potatoes, oranges, apples (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 9.500 million TEHRAN (capital), 3.368 million Mashhad, 2.258 million Esfahan, 1.721 million Shiraz, 1.661 million Tabriz, 1.594 million Karaj (2023) traditionally state-controlled economy but reforming state-owned financial entities; strong oil/gas, agricultural, and service sectors; recent massive inflation due to exchange rate depreciation, international sanctions, and investor uncertainty; increasing poverty Inflation: 32.5% (2024 est.).
2024Military spending: 2% of GDP (2024 est.).
2025Population: 89.2 million (2025 estimate).
