Factbook
Histoire de Grèce — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Grèce, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1830Greece won independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830 and became a kingdom.
1830Independence: 3 February 1830 (from the Ottoman Empire).
1940In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and other anti-communist and communist rebels.
1949The communists were defeated in 1949, and Greece joined NATO in 1952.
1967In 1967, a military coup forced the king to flee the country.
1974The ensuing military dictatorship collapsed in 1974, and Greece abolished the monarchy to become a parliamentary republic.
1981In 1981, Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the European Economic and Monetary Union in 2001.
2009From 2009 until 2019, Greece suffered a severe economic crisis due to nearly a decade of chronic overspending and structural rigidities.
2010Beginning in 2010, Greece entered three bailout agreements -- the first two with the European Commission, the European Central Bank, and the IMF; and the third in 2015 with the European Stability Mechanism -- worth in total about $300 billion.
2015Languages: Greek (official) 99%, other (includes English and French) 1% Religions: Greek Orthodox 81-90%, Muslim 2%, other 3%, none 4-15%, unspecified 1% (2015 est.) Urban population: 80.7% of total population (2023).
2018The Greek Government formally exited the third bailout in 2018, and Greece's economy has since improved significantly.
2022In 2022, the country finalized its early repayment to the IMF and graduated on schedule from the EU's enhanced surveillance framework.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 48.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 17.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 23.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 9.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 92.693 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum Agriculture: maize, wheat, sheep milk, oranges, tomatoes, milk, peaches/nectarines, grapes, watermelons, barley (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 3.154 million ATHENS (capital), 815,000 Thessaloniki (2023) high-income EU and eurozone economy; growth above euro average, supported by private consumption and EU fund investments; structural reforms strengthening public finances and enhancing resilience within banking system; declining unemployment but low labor productivity and skill shortages Inflation: 2.7% (2024 est.).
2025Military spending: 2.9% of GDP (2025 est.).
2025Population: 10.4 million (2025 estimate).
