Factbook
Histoire de Estonie — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Estonie, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1918After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918.
1918Independence: 24 February 1918 (from Soviet Russia); 20 August 1991 (declared from the Soviet Union); 6 September 1991 (recognized by the Soviet Union).
1940Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 -- an action never recognized by the US and many other countries -- it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
1994Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West.
2004It joined both NATO and the EU in 2004, formally joined the OECD in 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency in 2011.
2021Languages: Estonian (official) 67.2%, Russian 28.5%, other 3.7%, unspecified 0.6% (2021est.) Religions: Orthodox 16.5%, Protestant 9.2% (Lutheran 7.7%, other Protestant 1.5%), other 3% (includes Roman Catholic, Muslim, Jehovah's Witness, Pentecostal, Buddhist, and Taara Believer), none 58.4%, unspecified 12.9% (2021 est.) Urban population: 69.8% of total population (2023).
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 52.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 9.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 73.679 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications Agriculture: milk, wheat, barley, rapeseed, peas, oats, potatoes, rye, pork, triticale (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 454,000 TALLINN (capital) (2023) high-income, service-based EU and eurozone economy; rebound in exports playing a role in economic recovery; rising food prices contributing to inflation; decrease in labor force participation and rising unemployment rate; recovery depends on boosting private investment and productivity rates Inflation: 3.5% (2024 est.).
2025Military spending: 3.4% of GDP (2025 est.).
