Factbook
Histoire de Égypte — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Égypte, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1517The Mamluks, a local military caste, took control around 1250 and continued to govern after the Ottoman Turks conquered Egypt in 1517.
1869Completion of the Suez Canal in 1869 elevated Egypt as an important world transportation hub.
1882Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but the country's nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914.
1922Egypt gained partial independence from the UK in 1922 and full sovereignty in 1952.
1922Independence: 28 February 1922 (from UK protectorate status; the military-led revolution that began on 23 July 1952 led to a republic being declared on 18 June 1953 and all British troops withdrawn on 18 June 1956).
1956British forces evacuated the Suez Canal Zone in 1956.
1971The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have reaffirmed the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt.
2010Inspired by the 2010 Tunisian revolution, Egyptian opposition groups led demonstrations and labor strikes countrywide, culminating in President Hosni MUBARAK's ouster in 2011.
2012Egypt's military assumed national leadership until a new legislature was in place in early 2012; later that same year, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed MORSI won the presidential election.
2013Following protests throughout the spring of 2013 against MORSI's government and the Muslim Brotherhood, the Egyptian Armed Forces intervened and removed MORSI from power in July 2013 and replaced him with interim president Adly MANSOUR.
2014In 2014, voters approved a new constitution by referendum and then elected former defense minister Abdel Fattah EL-SISI president.
2018EL-SISI was reelected to a second four-year term in 2018 and a third term in December 2023.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 87.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 2.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); wind: 2.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 34.975 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures Agriculture: sugarcane, sugar beets, wheat, maize, potatoes, tomatoes, rice, milk, onions, oranges (2023) Electricity access: 100% (2022 est.).
2023Languages: Arabic (official); English and French widely understood by educated classes Religions: Muslim (predominantly Sunni) 90%, Christian (majority Coptic Orthodox, other Christians include Armenian Apostolic, Catholic, Maronite, Orthodox, and Anglican) 10% Urban population: 43.1% of total population (2023).
2023Major urban areas: 22.183 million CAIRO (capital), 5.588 million Alexandria, 778,000 Bur Sa'id (2023) Africa’s second-largest economy; 2030 Vision to diversify markets and energy infrastructure; improving fiscal, external, and current accounts; underperforming private sector; poor labor force participation; expanded credit access Inflation: 28.3% (2024 est.).
2024Military spending: 0.7% of GDP (2024 est.).
2025Population: 112.9 million (2025 estimate).
