Factbook
Histoire de Birmanie — Chronologie
Dates clés de l'histoire de Birmanie, d'après le Factbook Magna et l'Encyclopédie universelle.
1937Britain conquered Burma over a period extending from the 1820s to the 1880s and administered it as a province of India until 1937, when Burma became a self-governing colony.
1948Independence: 4 January 1948 (from the UK).
1962In 1962, General NE WIN seized power and ruled the country until 1988 when a new military regime took control.
1990In 1990, the military regime permitted an election but then rejected the results after the main opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) and its leader AUNG SAN SUU KYI (ASSK) won in a landslide.
2007In 2007, rising fuel prices in Burma led pro-democracy activists and Buddhist monks to launch a "Saffron Revolution" consisting of large protests against the regime, which violently suppressed the movement.
2008The regime prevented new elections until it had drafted a constitution designed to preserve the military's political control; it passed the new constitution in its 2008 referendum.
2010The military regime placed ASSK under house arrest until 2010.
2010The regime conducted an election in 2010, but the NLD boycotted the vote, and the military’s political proxy, the Union Solidarity and Development Party, easily won; international observers denounced the election as flawed.
2012ASSK's return to government in 2012 eventually led to the NLD's sweeping victory in the 2015 election.
2014Languages: Burmese (official) Religions: Buddhist 87.9%, Christian 6.2%, Muslim 4.3%, Animist 0.8%, Hindu 0.5%, other 0.2%, none 0.1% (2014 est.) Urban population: 32.1% of total population (2023).
2020When the 2020 elections resulted in further NLD gains, the military denounced the vote as fraudulent.
2021In 2021, the NUG announced the formation of armed militias called the People's Defense Forces (PDF) and an insurgency against the military junta.
2021In 2021, the military's senior leader General MIN AUNG HLAING launched a coup that returned Burma to authoritarian rule, with military crackdowns that undid reforms and resulted in the detention of ASSK and thousands of pro-democracy actors.
2023Generation mix — fossil fuels: 61.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); solar: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.); hydroelectricity: 36.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) Energy use: 8.384 million Btu/person (2023 est.).
2023Industries: agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; oil and natural gas; garments; jade and gems Agriculture: rice, sugarcane, vegetables, beans, maize, groundnuts, plantains, fruits, coconuts, onions (2023) Electricity access: 73.7% (2022 est.).
2023Major urban areas: 5.610 million RANGOON (Yangon) (capital), 1.532 million Mandalay (2023) slowly recovering Southeast Asian economy; household incomes weaken domestic consumption; growing trade deficit; declining employment; high inflation and reduced currency power; agriculture sector remains most stable Inflation: 8.8% (2019 est.).
2023Military spending: 3.9% of GDP (2023 est.).
2024As of 2024, PDF units across the country continued to fight the regime with varying levels of support from and cooperation with the NUG and other anti-regime organizations, including armed ethnic groups that have been fighting the central government for decades.
2025Population: 57.9 million (2025 estimate).
